The lasting pain in heart
The desire to achieve a height
The wind which need to fly
The power which need to test
Make many pains of life.
The love to world makes thought
The life for the sake live
The heat for the germination
The rain for the water
Make many smiles of life.
The slowly lasting pain vanish
The height achieved
The wind helps in fly
The power proved
Make many challenges of life.
The war I won
The love I got
The life I live
I always won emotion war which I love to live.
Friday, January 23, 2009
ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT
ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Abstract:
This paper is intended to show the difference in agriculture technology before and after the introduction of watershed management project in the Pali village of Dehradun. There was change in time disposition pattern of the farmers, land-use pattern, agriculture tools use, cash crop production and fruits trees. The forest cover and irrigated land has been increased. Introduction of improved type of breed cattle helped the villagers in increasing the milk production. After the introduction of fodder grasses and soil conservation in the village, the soil erosion reduced. The fuel wood dependency on the forest reduced due to introduction of bio-gass plant by project authority in the village .All the factors adopted by the farmers in the village helped them to increase the crop production and improve their economic condition after the introduction of the project in the village.
Introduction:
India has about 14.8 crore ha of land under rain-fed farming systems. Degradation and denudation of such rain-fed lands is one of the major causes of ecological imbalance in the country. Integrated development of such lands on the principles of watershed management holds the key to ecological health of country, now as a matter of policy the GOI has decided to rehabilate the rain-fed and dry-land areas .
The ultimate objective of watershed management is to develop natural resources base ,sustain its productivity, improve economic status of villagers and endeavor restoration of ecological balance.
To stimulate and promote peoples participation in watershed development project planning, project formulation, implementation, post-project management of project assets.
Village women play important role in farming systems, rearing livestock, fuel-wood and fodder collection, agricultural operations etc. besides house keeping, cooking and household chores. Public participation is incomplete without women’s participation.
Main objectives of Doon valley project are as follows.
1. To stop environmental degradation in Doon valley and to revert this process as for as possible.
2. To involve community participation in planning implementation and each step of management..
3. To make life of local people better and to encourage the participation for management of all natural resources by integrated and multifaceted method.
4. To develop human resources of the area.
Process of sustainable development:
The management of watershed in Doon valley project is based on participation. The village is considered as the basic unit in which community participation is kept at central point for planning implementation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Participating Rural Appraisal (PRA) develops rural plans. This is a participatory action and learning process in which village prepares and maps for development of village by themselves. On the basis of this village plan, annual working plan of the project is prepared. This is anticipated that at the end, watershed management will become program of villagers and project staff will act just as facilitation.
Doon valley project is contributing in the following ways:
1. Management of natural resources on the basis of sustainability.
2. Improvement in living standard of rural communities.
3. Increase in supply and availability of fruits, fuel wood and fodder.
4. Increase in productivity from cattle.
5. Increase in forest cover.
6. Decrease in surface runoff.
7. Conservation of surface water.
8. Increase in sources of minor irrigation and availability of drinking water.
9. Increase in productivity of land and water resources.
10. Encouraging rural communities for self-dependency.
Project authorities are connecting non-governmental origination Mahila Mangal Dal and other voluntary organization in planing and implementation of the project for community participation and different programs of the project, local organization such as Gramya Resources Management Association (GARIMA) users group and Samaj Sahyata Samuh are also encouraged.
Introduction of village:
Pali Majola is situated in the north of Bhogpur and has 41.238ha area. This village falls in development block Doiwala, Thesil-Dehradun and micro-watershed is Peronapani of Rishikesh division in Distt. Dehradun. It has total population of 129 people and consists of 33 men, 31 women, 43 boys and 22 girls.
It has 18ha forest area, 16.64ha agriculture area, 3.44ha orchard land and 2 ha barren land or wasteland. The boundaries of village are made in east Kuarsi, in west Nanekot, in north Khaldhan and in south Bhogpur.
Methodology:
1. Baseline studies:
Baseline studies consist of a description of those aspects of the physical, biological and social environment, which could be affected by a proposed development. They provide information as before project conditions that used to be established for the identification and prediction of impacts that could be made.
Baseline data was collected from sub project office of Rishikesh Dimsia. This data provided important ‘before project’ information about the village.
2. Survey of the village:
Village complex was surveyed for getting ‘after project’ information about the village. People were interviewed for getting a clean picture of the changes that have occurred in the village. Other tools were also used while in survey process. To survey the village the parametric factors are divided into three broad groups.
Result & Discussion:
The village has been variously affected by the activities undertaken by project authorities. These impacts were studied by collection of data.
Impact studied through data collection:
First, we discuss the impact observed while collection of data about the conditions before and after project implementation.
1. Traditional skill:
The traditional skill is important factor to see the skill of the farmers in the village.
Table-1: Traditional skill
S.No. Skill Households(no.)
Before project After project
1 Black smith 1 1
2 Carpenter 1 1
3 Goldsmith - -
4 Tailor 1 1
After introduction of the project there was no change in the traditional skill of the farmers(Table-1).
2. Time Disposition pattern
Before Project
(a) Collection of fuel and fodder 3-6 hrs/day
(b) Agriculture (fuel ploughing only) (Avg. 2-3 hrs/day)
(c) Collecting drinking water (Avg. 1 hr/day)
(d) Upkeeping of animals [Avg. 1 hr/ day)
After project:
Day to day life has hardly been affected by the project. However, in case of fuel and fodder, compared to previous condition when round the year villagers had to go far away, now they can collect grasses and fodder grown within or in the vicinity of the village. Many nutritious grasses and fodder species are being planted there.
3. Agriculture:
Table-2: Different land uses
Land type 1997 (ha) 2000 (ha)
Irrigated 2.00 10.00
Unirrigated 14.64 6.64
Orchard 3.44 20.44
Barren 2.00 1.00
Civil land 22.13 6.13
Reserve forest 18.00 20.00
The irrigated, orchard and reserve forestland increase barren, unirrigated and civil land reduces after introduction of project( Table-2).
Table-3: Different types of Crop
Land Type Kharif Rabi Zaid
Irrigated Paddy Wheat Maize
Unirrigated Maize, Mandua, Pulses Wheat
Crop rotation has not been affected by the project Table-3).
Households using new agriculture practices/technologies
Table-4: Agricultural tools
S.No. Item Before project After Project
1. Line sowing - -
2. Sickle - -
3. Thresher - 1
4. Green manure - -
5. Fertilizer - 21
6. HYV 10 20
After introduction of the project there was significant difference in agricultural tools (Table-4).
4. Cash crop
There are hardly any cash crop grown. People grow these crops but these crops are consumed wholly by the people of the village with no significant income to the village. Project has not done much in this direction except motivating people to adopt growing cash crops.
5. Irrigation:
Almost all of the irrigated area is irrigated by narrow open canal called ‘Guls’. Before Project, there was a total length of 3 km. of Kachcha guls. The kachcha guls have been made pucca by project authorities. Till the date when data was collected, 2-km. Of this had been converted into pucca guls. Various barsati tanks have been constructed. Runoff harvesting tanks have been constructed. Old tanks have been repaired.
Field trails of various crops such as rapeseed, soybean, lintel, pea etc. were conducted. This has raised enthusiasm among villagers. Various agricultural implements have been distributed among villagers such as winnowing fan, spray 7 machine and plows etc. 4 compost pits have been established in the village. Various improved grass varieties have been planted o terraces.
6. Horticulture
Fruits trees on homestead
Before Project-152 (mango, lemon, orange)
After Project- Hundreds of fruit plants have been distributed among villagers; with about 30% success rate. Now people have begun growing jackfruit, banana, peach, plum, walnut etc.
Before project die back and fungal diseases affected most of the fruit trees. But now fungicides etc. are being used by villagers, which is showing improvement. But still there is no sighting of large-scale fruit production. There are no well-established orchards even after the project implementation. Whatever fruits are produced, are consumed by the villagers.
But a progress can be anticipated as the plants, which have been planted have not reached production stage.
Vegetable crops bare grown in the village, but only for domestic use. Negligible amount of vegetables is sold in the market.
7. Forestry:
As forestry is a long-term investment, instantaneous results are difficult to quantity. Still promising progress is being made, in and around village. Seedlings are being distributed among the villagers. Various species are being encouraged. These are bamboos, mulberry, pilkhan, toon, khair, jamun, ber, etc.
Civil soyam forest has plantation area of reserve forest, which is around 18ha.
Benefits drawn from the forest are fuel, fodder and bamboos for basket making. However due to project activities and vigorous plantation works, dependency on reserve forest is decreasing
A. Per day average consumption of fodder by
Cow : 26 kg
Buffalo : 30 kg
Calf : 12Kg
B. Per day average milk production
Before project: Cow : 3 litre/day
Buffalo : 6 litre/day
After project: Same as before
C. Average selling of milk and milk products: 4.00 litre/day/family
D. No. of farmers growing green fodder:
Before Project : Nil
After Project : 15
E. Households having chaff cutters(No.):
Before Project : Nil
After Project : 18
8. Soil conservation:
Before Project: Various drains/gadheras were causing large amount of soil erosion, in and around the village. These are Mahadev Khala and Bangali Khala. Erosion was of E3 class.
After Project: A vigorous campaigning was carried out for soil conservation. The soil conservation practices that have been taken in use are gully plugging, construction of brushwood check dams, loose stone check dams, crate wire dams, improving conditions of agricultural terraces and construction of masonry dams. Cuttings of Rambans have been planted along water channels. Soil conservation measures along riverbanks have also been undertaken. Now soil has settled along these drains and rich vegetation is coming on this soil. Erosion has come down to E1 Class.
9. Energy conservation:
Table-5:Fuel consumption table according to seasons
Season 1997 (kg) 2000 (Kg)
Summer 8.0 4.0
Rain 10.0 7.0
Winter 21.6 15.1
Total 39.6 26.1
Table-5 shows the fuel consumption of the villagers according to season and fuel consumption have been reduced because now the farmers are using the bio-gass plants.
As it is perceived that villagers has drawn many benefits from this project. Progress has been achieved in all components of the project, which are forestry, energy conservation, horticulture, animal husbandry, agriculture, and minor irrigation. People have been involved in project activities for utilisation of manpower of the village as well as for imparting the feeling of oneness among them.
Agriculture of the village is also getting improved day by day. Water harvesting tanks and improved guls are nourishing crops efficiently. Area under commercial crops is increasing. Number of household using Fertilisers and high yield varieties is also increasing. Area under irrigation got increased, credit to the project implementation. Barren land is reclaimed.
Horticulture in the area is taking giant leaps. Previously the numbers of fruit trees were very less. Now fruit trees of various varieties have been planted. Disease affected trees have been treated by pesticides and fungicides. But, newly planted trees yet to bear fruits. The production is anticipated to be good in the future.
Community forestry is getting a boost by the project. Hundreds of trees of domestic and commercial purpose are being planted within or in the vicinity of the village. Reducing pressure on the reserved forest will show its effect in the coming year.
References:
Anon.1997.Areport from Directorate of Watershed Management .Indira Nagar Colony, Dehradun, U.P.
Anon.1997.village Plan of Pali Vilage, Doon Valley Integrated Watershed management Project Rishikesh division from Director of Watershed Management, Dehradun,U.P.
Mukrjee.N. 1993. Participatory Rural Appraisal: Methodology and Application. New Delhi.
Abstract:
This paper is intended to show the difference in agriculture technology before and after the introduction of watershed management project in the Pali village of Dehradun. There was change in time disposition pattern of the farmers, land-use pattern, agriculture tools use, cash crop production and fruits trees. The forest cover and irrigated land has been increased. Introduction of improved type of breed cattle helped the villagers in increasing the milk production. After the introduction of fodder grasses and soil conservation in the village, the soil erosion reduced. The fuel wood dependency on the forest reduced due to introduction of bio-gass plant by project authority in the village .All the factors adopted by the farmers in the village helped them to increase the crop production and improve their economic condition after the introduction of the project in the village.
Introduction:
India has about 14.8 crore ha of land under rain-fed farming systems. Degradation and denudation of such rain-fed lands is one of the major causes of ecological imbalance in the country. Integrated development of such lands on the principles of watershed management holds the key to ecological health of country, now as a matter of policy the GOI has decided to rehabilate the rain-fed and dry-land areas .
The ultimate objective of watershed management is to develop natural resources base ,sustain its productivity, improve economic status of villagers and endeavor restoration of ecological balance.
To stimulate and promote peoples participation in watershed development project planning, project formulation, implementation, post-project management of project assets.
Village women play important role in farming systems, rearing livestock, fuel-wood and fodder collection, agricultural operations etc. besides house keeping, cooking and household chores. Public participation is incomplete without women’s participation.
Main objectives of Doon valley project are as follows.
1. To stop environmental degradation in Doon valley and to revert this process as for as possible.
2. To involve community participation in planning implementation and each step of management..
3. To make life of local people better and to encourage the participation for management of all natural resources by integrated and multifaceted method.
4. To develop human resources of the area.
Process of sustainable development:
The management of watershed in Doon valley project is based on participation. The village is considered as the basic unit in which community participation is kept at central point for planning implementation and sustainable use of natural resources.
Participating Rural Appraisal (PRA) develops rural plans. This is a participatory action and learning process in which village prepares and maps for development of village by themselves. On the basis of this village plan, annual working plan of the project is prepared. This is anticipated that at the end, watershed management will become program of villagers and project staff will act just as facilitation.
Doon valley project is contributing in the following ways:
1. Management of natural resources on the basis of sustainability.
2. Improvement in living standard of rural communities.
3. Increase in supply and availability of fruits, fuel wood and fodder.
4. Increase in productivity from cattle.
5. Increase in forest cover.
6. Decrease in surface runoff.
7. Conservation of surface water.
8. Increase in sources of minor irrigation and availability of drinking water.
9. Increase in productivity of land and water resources.
10. Encouraging rural communities for self-dependency.
Project authorities are connecting non-governmental origination Mahila Mangal Dal and other voluntary organization in planing and implementation of the project for community participation and different programs of the project, local organization such as Gramya Resources Management Association (GARIMA) users group and Samaj Sahyata Samuh are also encouraged.
Introduction of village:
Pali Majola is situated in the north of Bhogpur and has 41.238ha area. This village falls in development block Doiwala, Thesil-Dehradun and micro-watershed is Peronapani of Rishikesh division in Distt. Dehradun. It has total population of 129 people and consists of 33 men, 31 women, 43 boys and 22 girls.
It has 18ha forest area, 16.64ha agriculture area, 3.44ha orchard land and 2 ha barren land or wasteland. The boundaries of village are made in east Kuarsi, in west Nanekot, in north Khaldhan and in south Bhogpur.
Methodology:
1. Baseline studies:
Baseline studies consist of a description of those aspects of the physical, biological and social environment, which could be affected by a proposed development. They provide information as before project conditions that used to be established for the identification and prediction of impacts that could be made.
Baseline data was collected from sub project office of Rishikesh Dimsia. This data provided important ‘before project’ information about the village.
2. Survey of the village:
Village complex was surveyed for getting ‘after project’ information about the village. People were interviewed for getting a clean picture of the changes that have occurred in the village. Other tools were also used while in survey process. To survey the village the parametric factors are divided into three broad groups.
Result & Discussion:
The village has been variously affected by the activities undertaken by project authorities. These impacts were studied by collection of data.
Impact studied through data collection:
First, we discuss the impact observed while collection of data about the conditions before and after project implementation.
1. Traditional skill:
The traditional skill is important factor to see the skill of the farmers in the village.
Table-1: Traditional skill
S.No. Skill Households(no.)
Before project After project
1 Black smith 1 1
2 Carpenter 1 1
3 Goldsmith - -
4 Tailor 1 1
After introduction of the project there was no change in the traditional skill of the farmers(Table-1).
2. Time Disposition pattern
Before Project
(a) Collection of fuel and fodder 3-6 hrs/day
(b) Agriculture (fuel ploughing only) (Avg. 2-3 hrs/day)
(c) Collecting drinking water (Avg. 1 hr/day)
(d) Upkeeping of animals [Avg. 1 hr/ day)
After project:
Day to day life has hardly been affected by the project. However, in case of fuel and fodder, compared to previous condition when round the year villagers had to go far away, now they can collect grasses and fodder grown within or in the vicinity of the village. Many nutritious grasses and fodder species are being planted there.
3. Agriculture:
Table-2: Different land uses
Land type 1997 (ha) 2000 (ha)
Irrigated 2.00 10.00
Unirrigated 14.64 6.64
Orchard 3.44 20.44
Barren 2.00 1.00
Civil land 22.13 6.13
Reserve forest 18.00 20.00
The irrigated, orchard and reserve forestland increase barren, unirrigated and civil land reduces after introduction of project( Table-2).
Table-3: Different types of Crop
Land Type Kharif Rabi Zaid
Irrigated Paddy Wheat Maize
Unirrigated Maize, Mandua, Pulses Wheat
Crop rotation has not been affected by the project Table-3).
Households using new agriculture practices/technologies
Table-4: Agricultural tools
S.No. Item Before project After Project
1. Line sowing - -
2. Sickle - -
3. Thresher - 1
4. Green manure - -
5. Fertilizer - 21
6. HYV 10 20
After introduction of the project there was significant difference in agricultural tools (Table-4).
4. Cash crop
There are hardly any cash crop grown. People grow these crops but these crops are consumed wholly by the people of the village with no significant income to the village. Project has not done much in this direction except motivating people to adopt growing cash crops.
5. Irrigation:
Almost all of the irrigated area is irrigated by narrow open canal called ‘Guls’. Before Project, there was a total length of 3 km. of Kachcha guls. The kachcha guls have been made pucca by project authorities. Till the date when data was collected, 2-km. Of this had been converted into pucca guls. Various barsati tanks have been constructed. Runoff harvesting tanks have been constructed. Old tanks have been repaired.
Field trails of various crops such as rapeseed, soybean, lintel, pea etc. were conducted. This has raised enthusiasm among villagers. Various agricultural implements have been distributed among villagers such as winnowing fan, spray 7 machine and plows etc. 4 compost pits have been established in the village. Various improved grass varieties have been planted o terraces.
6. Horticulture
Fruits trees on homestead
Before Project-152 (mango, lemon, orange)
After Project- Hundreds of fruit plants have been distributed among villagers; with about 30% success rate. Now people have begun growing jackfruit, banana, peach, plum, walnut etc.
Before project die back and fungal diseases affected most of the fruit trees. But now fungicides etc. are being used by villagers, which is showing improvement. But still there is no sighting of large-scale fruit production. There are no well-established orchards even after the project implementation. Whatever fruits are produced, are consumed by the villagers.
But a progress can be anticipated as the plants, which have been planted have not reached production stage.
Vegetable crops bare grown in the village, but only for domestic use. Negligible amount of vegetables is sold in the market.
7. Forestry:
As forestry is a long-term investment, instantaneous results are difficult to quantity. Still promising progress is being made, in and around village. Seedlings are being distributed among the villagers. Various species are being encouraged. These are bamboos, mulberry, pilkhan, toon, khair, jamun, ber, etc.
Civil soyam forest has plantation area of reserve forest, which is around 18ha.
Benefits drawn from the forest are fuel, fodder and bamboos for basket making. However due to project activities and vigorous plantation works, dependency on reserve forest is decreasing
A. Per day average consumption of fodder by
Cow : 26 kg
Buffalo : 30 kg
Calf : 12Kg
B. Per day average milk production
Before project: Cow : 3 litre/day
Buffalo : 6 litre/day
After project: Same as before
C. Average selling of milk and milk products: 4.00 litre/day/family
D. No. of farmers growing green fodder:
Before Project : Nil
After Project : 15
E. Households having chaff cutters(No.):
Before Project : Nil
After Project : 18
8. Soil conservation:
Before Project: Various drains/gadheras were causing large amount of soil erosion, in and around the village. These are Mahadev Khala and Bangali Khala. Erosion was of E3 class.
After Project: A vigorous campaigning was carried out for soil conservation. The soil conservation practices that have been taken in use are gully plugging, construction of brushwood check dams, loose stone check dams, crate wire dams, improving conditions of agricultural terraces and construction of masonry dams. Cuttings of Rambans have been planted along water channels. Soil conservation measures along riverbanks have also been undertaken. Now soil has settled along these drains and rich vegetation is coming on this soil. Erosion has come down to E1 Class.
9. Energy conservation:
Table-5:Fuel consumption table according to seasons
Season 1997 (kg) 2000 (Kg)
Summer 8.0 4.0
Rain 10.0 7.0
Winter 21.6 15.1
Total 39.6 26.1
Table-5 shows the fuel consumption of the villagers according to season and fuel consumption have been reduced because now the farmers are using the bio-gass plants.
As it is perceived that villagers has drawn many benefits from this project. Progress has been achieved in all components of the project, which are forestry, energy conservation, horticulture, animal husbandry, agriculture, and minor irrigation. People have been involved in project activities for utilisation of manpower of the village as well as for imparting the feeling of oneness among them.
Agriculture of the village is also getting improved day by day. Water harvesting tanks and improved guls are nourishing crops efficiently. Area under commercial crops is increasing. Number of household using Fertilisers and high yield varieties is also increasing. Area under irrigation got increased, credit to the project implementation. Barren land is reclaimed.
Horticulture in the area is taking giant leaps. Previously the numbers of fruit trees were very less. Now fruit trees of various varieties have been planted. Disease affected trees have been treated by pesticides and fungicides. But, newly planted trees yet to bear fruits. The production is anticipated to be good in the future.
Community forestry is getting a boost by the project. Hundreds of trees of domestic and commercial purpose are being planted within or in the vicinity of the village. Reducing pressure on the reserved forest will show its effect in the coming year.
References:
Anon.1997.Areport from Directorate of Watershed Management .Indira Nagar Colony, Dehradun, U.P.
Anon.1997.village Plan of Pali Vilage, Doon Valley Integrated Watershed management Project Rishikesh division from Director of Watershed Management, Dehradun,U.P.
Mukrjee.N. 1993. Participatory Rural Appraisal: Methodology and Application. New Delhi.
Sunday, December 28, 2008
News Published from the Neatherlands
The following news which published from ISS, The Neatherlands about my books in news letter- ISS alumnus Dr Hishmi Jamil Husain has recently had two books published. The first one is entitled Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Mass Entitlements: Dam Affected People. It concerns the resettlement and rehabilitation of peopld affected by the Narmada and Tehri dam projects. The second book is entitled Lithology & Soil Characteristics Related to Forest Vegetation and provides in-depth knowledge to managers, foresters and land users about the content and nature of minerals present in the soil in diagnosing the fertility status and other soil-plant-parent material relationship in forestry.
Source: http://www.iss.nl/Alumni/Alumni-newsletter/Alumni-Newsletter-No-7
Source: http://www.iss.nl/Alumni/Alumni-newsletter/Alumni-Newsletter-No-7
Saturday, December 27, 2008
Happy
When I love I love like a child
When I hate I hate like an old man
How I need to think
How I hurt when feel to think
I hurt to see poor
I hurt to see unhappy faces
How I need to think
How I hurt when feel to think
My world is love
My life is work
When I love I love like a child
When I hate I hate like an old man
I think I am Happy
I feel I am Happy
I love trees
I love birds
I love mountains
I love rivers
When I love I love like a child
When I hate I hate like an old man
I think I am Happy
I feel I am Happy
I love to all
7.40pm
27th December, 08
Bunder Camp
India
When I hate I hate like an old man
How I need to think
How I hurt when feel to think
I hurt to see poor
I hurt to see unhappy faces
How I need to think
How I hurt when feel to think
My world is love
My life is work
When I love I love like a child
When I hate I hate like an old man
I think I am Happy
I feel I am Happy
I love trees
I love birds
I love mountains
I love rivers
When I love I love like a child
When I hate I hate like an old man
I think I am Happy
I feel I am Happy
I love to all
7.40pm
27th December, 08
Bunder Camp
India
Tuesday, October 28, 2008
Barriers to Innovation – The five mega-barriers
Barrier 1 (Economic): Governmental interference in the regulation of the telecom sector stifling competition
Description
There is the need to create a fair and competitive regulatory terrain to enhance pro-competitive investment in the telecom sector in pursuance of e-gov agenda. The National Communications Authority (NCA,) the Regulator, faces interference from governmental sector in the management of spectrum and issuance of value-added licences thus thwarting its effort to independently regulate the sector and attract potential investors.
Why it is a barrier
Telecom reform, the world over is promoting the participation of the private sector in investments in a liberalised and transparent environment. The lack of regulatory openness frustrates investment in value added services sector to enhance e-gov application.
Why it is critical
Investors in the telecom sector are suspicious of governmental interference which might lead to investment expropriation and depreciation. There is therefore the need to create a balanced environment of comfort and safety to avoid the fear of the country losing out as an ICT hub for the sub-region.
Underlying tensions
Competitors in the field of ICT want maximum protection for their investments and do not want to be discriminated against in their effort to gain substantial market share. Government does also want a say.
Proposed solutions
Seek amendment to existing Act to make the Regulator autonomous; additionally to organise a workshop for stakeholders to distinguish between policy making for government and implementation process so the Regulator can be empowered to operate independently.
Risks and Rewards of solution
The anticipated risk is that the government may consider the move as an infringement on its moderating powers.
The reward is that there would be the likelihood of private sector investment growth in the absence of fear of investment expropriation.
Barrier 2 (Technological) : Inability of the civil service to attract ICT professionals
Description
The lack of skilled ICT personnel in the civil service thwarts efforts at implementing ICT policies and strategies. The negative impact is the inability of government to deploy ICT in house to promote e-gov.
Why it is a barrier
Attempts at closing the digital divide calls for pro-active application of ICT in governance to enhance efficiency in service delivery. In this regard the ICT “supply side” involvement in the process is crucial.
Why it is critical
Government is the major investor in ICT in developing economies. It appears tragic that ICT tools are underutilised because of lack of skilled professionals and services delivery remain slow because manually done.
Underlying tensions
Attempts are made to outsource all ICT initiatives. The external professionals and the internal staff lack cohesion and unity of purpose. Computers sit on desks as toys and networks don’t talk to each other.
Proposed solutions
Propose the development of a scheme of service to indicate clear job content, career path, promotional avenues, and attractive remuneration package to help attract and create a professional class for ICT in the civil service. Retrain the “demand side” staff.
Make the acquisition of basic ICT skills a condition precedent to entry into the service. A long term strategy and change management.
Risks and Rewards of solution
Risk- Resistance to change management from within is likely to be encountered.
The benefits to the service will be enormous as ICT professionals in the class of CIOs can gain entry into the service and meaningfully support the e-gov implementation process.
Barrier 3(Demographic): Rampant issuance of fake passport (Corruption)
Description
There is a high tendency of fake passport issuance (identity theft) in African countries making the genuine traveller undergo unnecessary scrutiny on identity check at international airports. Meanwhile other identification projects are on going on separate platforms.
Why it’s a barrier
It erodes investor confidence in the economy as a security issue.
Why it is critical
Identification and verification of persons are security issues crucial to be addressed for the successful deployment of e-gov yet no cohesive attempt made to address this issue of secured identity of the populace.
Underlying tensions
Low classification of state at national and international security levels.
Proposed solutions
Promulgation of data protection bill to give legal backing.
Introduction of 3G biometrics and identification technology.
Risks and Rewards of solution
Budgetary constraints to the state a potential risk to proposal.
The reward is a secured integrated national identity scheme to enhance security and investment confidence of the country.
Barrier 4 : Political - There is no strong federal Strategy for the development of eGovernance
Description
There is no strong eGovernance Strategy like in Japan. There are only initiatives, as for example the portal or recommendations for standards. Where is a global vision?
Why it is a barrier
A global strategy, framework and budgets are mandatory.
Why is it critical
Very critical. The initiative for launching a comprehensive eGovernance programme has to come from the Federal Government. Regions and cities are still waiting.
Underlying tensions
Political compromises resulting in the lost of the importance of this Strategy
Proposed solutions
Regions and cities have to exert more pressure on Federal Government.
Risks and Rewards of solution
The risk is to obtain an inadequate or inapplicable Strategy.
The reward is that eGovernance can take off.
Barrier 5 : Structural – Top head Information System is not homogenous and interoperable !
Description
Federal Departments ICTs (Finance, Army etc.,) are technically isolated, like Silos. The more advanced federal office is the OFS (Federal Office of Statistics).
Why it is a barrier
Historically lack of collaboration and co-ordination.
Why is it critical
This situation compromises automation of transversal processes inside the federal Information System. Furthermore, this non-homogeneity compromises also the technical standardization of the electronic exchanges of the other stakeholders, private companies, local and regional governments. They need a unique federal entry point.
Underlying tensions
Internal protectionism of the federal departments.
Proposed solutions
Introduction of standards and wide usage of web services inside federal departments and other public and private partners.
Risks and Rewards of solution
Risk is to wait a very long time!
Modernization of the eGovernance of the federal Government itself.
Description
There is the need to create a fair and competitive regulatory terrain to enhance pro-competitive investment in the telecom sector in pursuance of e-gov agenda. The National Communications Authority (NCA,) the Regulator, faces interference from governmental sector in the management of spectrum and issuance of value-added licences thus thwarting its effort to independently regulate the sector and attract potential investors.
Why it is a barrier
Telecom reform, the world over is promoting the participation of the private sector in investments in a liberalised and transparent environment. The lack of regulatory openness frustrates investment in value added services sector to enhance e-gov application.
Why it is critical
Investors in the telecom sector are suspicious of governmental interference which might lead to investment expropriation and depreciation. There is therefore the need to create a balanced environment of comfort and safety to avoid the fear of the country losing out as an ICT hub for the sub-region.
Underlying tensions
Competitors in the field of ICT want maximum protection for their investments and do not want to be discriminated against in their effort to gain substantial market share. Government does also want a say.
Proposed solutions
Seek amendment to existing Act to make the Regulator autonomous; additionally to organise a workshop for stakeholders to distinguish between policy making for government and implementation process so the Regulator can be empowered to operate independently.
Risks and Rewards of solution
The anticipated risk is that the government may consider the move as an infringement on its moderating powers.
The reward is that there would be the likelihood of private sector investment growth in the absence of fear of investment expropriation.
Barrier 2 (Technological) : Inability of the civil service to attract ICT professionals
Description
The lack of skilled ICT personnel in the civil service thwarts efforts at implementing ICT policies and strategies. The negative impact is the inability of government to deploy ICT in house to promote e-gov.
Why it is a barrier
Attempts at closing the digital divide calls for pro-active application of ICT in governance to enhance efficiency in service delivery. In this regard the ICT “supply side” involvement in the process is crucial.
Why it is critical
Government is the major investor in ICT in developing economies. It appears tragic that ICT tools are underutilised because of lack of skilled professionals and services delivery remain slow because manually done.
Underlying tensions
Attempts are made to outsource all ICT initiatives. The external professionals and the internal staff lack cohesion and unity of purpose. Computers sit on desks as toys and networks don’t talk to each other.
Proposed solutions
Propose the development of a scheme of service to indicate clear job content, career path, promotional avenues, and attractive remuneration package to help attract and create a professional class for ICT in the civil service. Retrain the “demand side” staff.
Make the acquisition of basic ICT skills a condition precedent to entry into the service. A long term strategy and change management.
Risks and Rewards of solution
Risk- Resistance to change management from within is likely to be encountered.
The benefits to the service will be enormous as ICT professionals in the class of CIOs can gain entry into the service and meaningfully support the e-gov implementation process.
Barrier 3(Demographic): Rampant issuance of fake passport (Corruption)
Description
There is a high tendency of fake passport issuance (identity theft) in African countries making the genuine traveller undergo unnecessary scrutiny on identity check at international airports. Meanwhile other identification projects are on going on separate platforms.
Why it’s a barrier
It erodes investor confidence in the economy as a security issue.
Why it is critical
Identification and verification of persons are security issues crucial to be addressed for the successful deployment of e-gov yet no cohesive attempt made to address this issue of secured identity of the populace.
Underlying tensions
Low classification of state at national and international security levels.
Proposed solutions
Promulgation of data protection bill to give legal backing.
Introduction of 3G biometrics and identification technology.
Risks and Rewards of solution
Budgetary constraints to the state a potential risk to proposal.
The reward is a secured integrated national identity scheme to enhance security and investment confidence of the country.
Barrier 4 : Political - There is no strong federal Strategy for the development of eGovernance
Description
There is no strong eGovernance Strategy like in Japan. There are only initiatives, as for example the portal or recommendations for standards. Where is a global vision?
Why it is a barrier
A global strategy, framework and budgets are mandatory.
Why is it critical
Very critical. The initiative for launching a comprehensive eGovernance programme has to come from the Federal Government. Regions and cities are still waiting.
Underlying tensions
Political compromises resulting in the lost of the importance of this Strategy
Proposed solutions
Regions and cities have to exert more pressure on Federal Government.
Risks and Rewards of solution
The risk is to obtain an inadequate or inapplicable Strategy.
The reward is that eGovernance can take off.
Barrier 5 : Structural – Top head Information System is not homogenous and interoperable !
Description
Federal Departments ICTs (Finance, Army etc.,) are technically isolated, like Silos. The more advanced federal office is the OFS (Federal Office of Statistics).
Why it is a barrier
Historically lack of collaboration and co-ordination.
Why is it critical
This situation compromises automation of transversal processes inside the federal Information System. Furthermore, this non-homogeneity compromises also the technical standardization of the electronic exchanges of the other stakeholders, private companies, local and regional governments. They need a unique federal entry point.
Underlying tensions
Internal protectionism of the federal departments.
Proposed solutions
Introduction of standards and wide usage of web services inside federal departments and other public and private partners.
Risks and Rewards of solution
Risk is to wait a very long time!
Modernization of the eGovernance of the federal Government itself.
Saturday, October 18, 2008
e Governance Model for Environmental Decision Making for Mining in India
India is a mineral wealthy nation. It has a huge geological potential. According to the geological survey of India (GSI) the national exploration agency, the country is yet to tap its complete potential. It has huge reserves of important minerals awaiting exploration. Conventional wisdom and geological evidence suggest that India is richly endowed with mineral resources. Explorations have found over 20,000 known mineral deposits and recoverable reserves of more than 60 minerals.
Worldwide, the mining industry is on an overdrive. Propelled by China’s growing economy its persistent passion for unprocessed substance minerals, due to this mineral prices are hitting roof. The global mining industry is having a dream run. Between 2002 and 2005, the index of world prices of minerals, ores and metal has more than doubled. This has escorted in a time of restless mining and profiteering in countries like India. The value of mineral production in India has more than tripled since liberalization of mining sector in 1993. The values grew at surprising rate of 10.7% during 1993-2005. The growth of the Indian mining industry is likely to be much higher in the coming years.
In between 2002-2006, an area of 900 Km2 was opened for mining for major minerals. Environmental clearances were granted to 540 mines during this period and as on April 2007, there were 508 mining projects awaiting environmental clearance. The Indian mining industry is characterized by a large number of small mines and is dominated by public sector. With only 25% of India’s operational mines, the public sector accounts for 75% of the total value of mineral production. The thrust of the new mining policy being promulgated by the government is to move India mining towards privately owned large scale, mechanized mines. India’s forests mineral bearing areas, regions of tribal habitation watersheds are all mapped together; they will overlay one another on almost the same areas. In other words, India’s major mineral reserves i.e., under its richest forests and in the watersheds of its key rivers. An estimates 1.64 lakhs ha of forest land has been diverted for mining in the country. Forest land diversion for mining has been rising. During 1998-2005, 216 mining projects were granted forest clearances annually, as against 19 per year during 1980-97.
In 1994 the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) notification was passed under the Environment Protection Act 1986. It outlined the procedure for granting environmental clearance to industrial and development projects with the objective of maintaining a balance between the three pillars of development, environment, society and economy. According to this procedure projects classifies on the basis of scale and impacts required to prepare an EIA report. The findings of report are presented to the local community in public hearing process during which the local have an opportunity to express their opinion on the project. The summarized minutes of the public hearing and EIA report then presented to the clearance committee set up at the state or central level which the decides on the fate of the projects. On paper this seems to be an excellent and foolproof method to reduce the environmental and social implications of a project to reduce the environmental and social implication of a project. But in practice, this rarely happens. The whole procedure stands completely diluted and has been reduces to being a mere formality due to corruption on some levels. For providing ease in the process of granting permission and environment clearance Government of India revised 1994 notification and issued new notification in 2006. But still there is no improvement in working and granting permissions. Complex laws in India and typical bureaucracy force immense pressure on several decisions. Executive role of Judiciary several time need to implement law. E governance provides transparency in decision making for all development. E governance based model for environment decision making for mining will help in sustainable management of resources, reduce in development delay. The delay in development cost money and unsustainably in development.
Successful governance can be realized through maximum dissemination of information. E governance involves knowledge and understanding, if sharing laws and citizens" involvement in environmental decision making for mining model will develop this could help in root out corruption and fasten the decision making procedure. This could attract more foreign companies which will contribute in development of nation in multidimensional way if they will get transparent system of decision making for establishing new mines.
Research Questions:
Can e governance bring transparency in decision making?
Can e governance help in simplifying complex environment decision making for mining?
What could be the e governance model for environment decision making for mining?
What will be benefits from e governance model for environment decision making for mining?
Methodology:
In India a few departments of state governments and centre government establish models for district and state level for transparent decision making which are below-
E-governance in Andhra Pradesh
Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) showcases the various E-Governance initiatives and applications being implemented in the state. CARD (Computer-Aided Administration of Registration Department), an e-government project started by the state government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) in India. CARD was adjudged one of the ten finalists in the International Innovation awards program instituted by the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management. The CARD project aimed at the complete computerization of the land registration process in AP. The case highlights the problems faced by the citizens of AP before the implementation of CARD. It provides detailed information about the implementation of the project, the services offered and the benefits reaped by the citizens and GoAP after the implementation of the project (1).
E-Governance in Ministries/Departments and State Governments
The website of the Ministry of Information Technology (MIT), Govt. of India lists briefly the E-Governance Initiatives undertaken by the various Ministries/Departments and States Governments(2)..
Mechanism of Single Window Clearance System
To overcome the inordinately long time required to obtain the statutory approvals/licenses etc. from various government departments/agencies, the Bureau of Industrial Promotion & Office of the Commissioner (Investment & NRIs), Government of Rajasthan, has introduced a Single Window Clearance System through a Single Composite Application Form (3)
E-Governance in Panchayats (Local People Parliament) in Kerala
The website of the department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions features an article on the e-governance initiatives adopted by the panchayats in Kerala (4).
EPackage for Effective Administration of Registration Laws Project in Kerala
The Government of Kerala has launched a project titled PEARL (Package for Effective Administration of Registration Laws) for computerization of the Registration Department in the State (5).
The above developed models will be taken in consideration. On the basis of finding one e governance model for environmental decision making for mining decision will be develop.
Expected Results:
This study will provide transparent system of decision making which will help in managing environment decision making for mining in speedy way. The engagement has been structured across key streams relating to design of e-Governance roadmap for the environment decision making for mining that includes:
Preparation of a blueprint for environment decision making for mining.
Plan to implement the recommended e-Governance initiatives
Assessment of the capacity gaps for implementing the e-Governance initiatives
Special Note(s):
Develop a portal which provides services directory such that the companies may avail the services without the need to know which department provides that service.
Provide information on procedures and downloadable forms on the internet and make them available through various channels.
Re-engineer processes and redesign forms to make it easier for the companies to demand and avail services
Devise a feedback mechanism so as to get constant feedback and adapt to companies needs and demands
Develop and follow standards and guidelines for interdepartmental data transfer to expedite flow of information between departments.
Create and follow formal content management processes to ensure that the content is regularly updated and correct.
Clear and accurate information about each service and transaction. Companies should be able to use the E-Government channel to follow up and track the progress of their permission and application.
Companies should be shielded from the various internal operations and activities involved in delivering a service.
Reference:
(1) http://www.ap-it.com/egovernance.html dated 12/03/08
(2) http://www.mit.gov.in/eg/ms.asp dated 12/03/08
(3) http://www.rajgovt.org/news/singwindow.htm dated 12/03/08
(4) http://persmin.nic.in/arpg/egov.htm#6 dated 12/03/08
(5) http://www.hindubusinessline.com/2000/08/12/stories/141260r1.htm dated 12/03/08
Worldwide, the mining industry is on an overdrive. Propelled by China’s growing economy its persistent passion for unprocessed substance minerals, due to this mineral prices are hitting roof. The global mining industry is having a dream run. Between 2002 and 2005, the index of world prices of minerals, ores and metal has more than doubled. This has escorted in a time of restless mining and profiteering in countries like India. The value of mineral production in India has more than tripled since liberalization of mining sector in 1993. The values grew at surprising rate of 10.7% during 1993-2005. The growth of the Indian mining industry is likely to be much higher in the coming years.
In between 2002-2006, an area of 900 Km2 was opened for mining for major minerals. Environmental clearances were granted to 540 mines during this period and as on April 2007, there were 508 mining projects awaiting environmental clearance. The Indian mining industry is characterized by a large number of small mines and is dominated by public sector. With only 25% of India’s operational mines, the public sector accounts for 75% of the total value of mineral production. The thrust of the new mining policy being promulgated by the government is to move India mining towards privately owned large scale, mechanized mines. India’s forests mineral bearing areas, regions of tribal habitation watersheds are all mapped together; they will overlay one another on almost the same areas. In other words, India’s major mineral reserves i.e., under its richest forests and in the watersheds of its key rivers. An estimates 1.64 lakhs ha of forest land has been diverted for mining in the country. Forest land diversion for mining has been rising. During 1998-2005, 216 mining projects were granted forest clearances annually, as against 19 per year during 1980-97.
In 1994 the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) notification was passed under the Environment Protection Act 1986. It outlined the procedure for granting environmental clearance to industrial and development projects with the objective of maintaining a balance between the three pillars of development, environment, society and economy. According to this procedure projects classifies on the basis of scale and impacts required to prepare an EIA report. The findings of report are presented to the local community in public hearing process during which the local have an opportunity to express their opinion on the project. The summarized minutes of the public hearing and EIA report then presented to the clearance committee set up at the state or central level which the decides on the fate of the projects. On paper this seems to be an excellent and foolproof method to reduce the environmental and social implications of a project to reduce the environmental and social implication of a project. But in practice, this rarely happens. The whole procedure stands completely diluted and has been reduces to being a mere formality due to corruption on some levels. For providing ease in the process of granting permission and environment clearance Government of India revised 1994 notification and issued new notification in 2006. But still there is no improvement in working and granting permissions. Complex laws in India and typical bureaucracy force immense pressure on several decisions. Executive role of Judiciary several time need to implement law. E governance provides transparency in decision making for all development. E governance based model for environment decision making for mining will help in sustainable management of resources, reduce in development delay. The delay in development cost money and unsustainably in development.
Successful governance can be realized through maximum dissemination of information. E governance involves knowledge and understanding, if sharing laws and citizens" involvement in environmental decision making for mining model will develop this could help in root out corruption and fasten the decision making procedure. This could attract more foreign companies which will contribute in development of nation in multidimensional way if they will get transparent system of decision making for establishing new mines.
Research Questions:
Can e governance bring transparency in decision making?
Can e governance help in simplifying complex environment decision making for mining?
What could be the e governance model for environment decision making for mining?
What will be benefits from e governance model for environment decision making for mining?
Methodology:
In India a few departments of state governments and centre government establish models for district and state level for transparent decision making which are below-
E-governance in Andhra Pradesh
Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) showcases the various E-Governance initiatives and applications being implemented in the state. CARD (Computer-Aided Administration of Registration Department), an e-government project started by the state government of Andhra Pradesh (AP) in India. CARD was adjudged one of the ten finalists in the International Innovation awards program instituted by the Commonwealth Association for Public Administration and Management. The CARD project aimed at the complete computerization of the land registration process in AP. The case highlights the problems faced by the citizens of AP before the implementation of CARD. It provides detailed information about the implementation of the project, the services offered and the benefits reaped by the citizens and GoAP after the implementation of the project (1).
E-Governance in Ministries/Departments and State Governments
The website of the Ministry of Information Technology (MIT), Govt. of India lists briefly the E-Governance Initiatives undertaken by the various Ministries/Departments and States Governments(2)..
Mechanism of Single Window Clearance System
To overcome the inordinately long time required to obtain the statutory approvals/licenses etc. from various government departments/agencies, the Bureau of Industrial Promotion & Office of the Commissioner (Investment & NRIs), Government of Rajasthan, has introduced a Single Window Clearance System through a Single Composite Application Form (3)
E-Governance in Panchayats (Local People Parliament) in Kerala
The website of the department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions features an article on the e-governance initiatives adopted by the panchayats in Kerala (4).
EPackage for Effective Administration of Registration Laws Project in Kerala
The Government of Kerala has launched a project titled PEARL (Package for Effective Administration of Registration Laws) for computerization of the Registration Department in the State (5).
The above developed models will be taken in consideration. On the basis of finding one e governance model for environmental decision making for mining decision will be develop.
Expected Results:
This study will provide transparent system of decision making which will help in managing environment decision making for mining in speedy way. The engagement has been structured across key streams relating to design of e-Governance roadmap for the environment decision making for mining that includes:
Preparation of a blueprint for environment decision making for mining.
Plan to implement the recommended e-Governance initiatives
Assessment of the capacity gaps for implementing the e-Governance initiatives
Special Note(s):
Develop a portal which provides services directory such that the companies may avail the services without the need to know which department provides that service.
Provide information on procedures and downloadable forms on the internet and make them available through various channels.
Re-engineer processes and redesign forms to make it easier for the companies to demand and avail services
Devise a feedback mechanism so as to get constant feedback and adapt to companies needs and demands
Develop and follow standards and guidelines for interdepartmental data transfer to expedite flow of information between departments.
Create and follow formal content management processes to ensure that the content is regularly updated and correct.
Clear and accurate information about each service and transaction. Companies should be able to use the E-Government channel to follow up and track the progress of their permission and application.
Companies should be shielded from the various internal operations and activities involved in delivering a service.
Reference:
(1) http://www.ap-it.com/egovernance.html dated 12/03/08
(2) http://www.mit.gov.in/eg/ms.asp dated 12/03/08
(3) http://www.rajgovt.org/news/singwindow.htm dated 12/03/08
(4) http://persmin.nic.in/arpg/egov.htm#6 dated 12/03/08
(5) http://www.hindubusinessline.com/2000/08/12/stories/141260r1.htm dated 12/03/08
Saturday, October 4, 2008
X- Road for e governance
The paperless government is the most impressive thing which I observed here but the backbone of all e governance is X-Road project at Estonia. This distributed information systems functionality and diverse hardware and software work viz., gateways, elements of public key infrastructure (PKI) and governmental databases and information systems. The X-Road project has been a successful approach which extending interconnectivity between various databases and offering varied operations to different government and private departments.
There are following points which are need to note-
Û The standardized use of databases and to develop software, hardware and organizational methods for X-Road which allows civil servants, legal and natural persons to use data from national databases for different purposes.
Û The system ensures sufficient security for the treatment of inquiries made to databases and responses received.
Û The technical solution of the project in the creation of unified user interfaces for different databases.
Û Communication between databases and users is full secure.
Û The data exchange layer, which comprises the major part of the X-Road system, integrates the databases through user interfaces to a common.
Û The system is service-centered.
Û Data queries can be made only within services offered.
Û The user can make a query from his/her computer workplace to any service of a database that has joined the system.
Û The X-Road environment has proved the sustainability of the program,
e Voting in Estonia is also very interesting. The importance in e voting is below-
Û High literacy rate of Estonian public toward e-voting was and is positive; gender, income, education, type of settlement and even age are no important factors by choosing e-voting from all voting channels;
Û The use of e-voting possibility depends mostly on the trust in the procedure of e-voting and e voting in itself does not produce any political effects.
Û e voting can encourage the participation of voters who vote sometimes. Thus, e-voting could slow down the trend of falling participation.
Û Authentication token for all major e-services
Û The compulsory ID card with remote identification and digital signature functions.
Û Principle of transparency
Û Managing procedures
Û Technology selection
Û Physical security
IT auditors are the assurance of public reliance participate a vital function in the victorious experience. e voting has worked perfectly, all procedures have been legitimate and performed lawfully. No court cases happened which shows the transparency acceptance of system. Confidentiality of voter is in the remote unsupervised Internet voting. The legality and legitimacy of the whole election process has not been questioned for political reasons. The principles of uniformity and generality in their conjunction are participation in voting, guaranteed to voters, is convenient as possible. e voting serve the aim of increasing the participation in voting and thus protecting the representative nature of representative bodies.
Managing and making public land related data, land relation, e health and e education and security are also very good. The time saving, money saving and transparency.
There are following points which are need to note-
Û The standardized use of databases and to develop software, hardware and organizational methods for X-Road which allows civil servants, legal and natural persons to use data from national databases for different purposes.
Û The system ensures sufficient security for the treatment of inquiries made to databases and responses received.
Û The technical solution of the project in the creation of unified user interfaces for different databases.
Û Communication between databases and users is full secure.
Û The data exchange layer, which comprises the major part of the X-Road system, integrates the databases through user interfaces to a common.
Û The system is service-centered.
Û Data queries can be made only within services offered.
Û The user can make a query from his/her computer workplace to any service of a database that has joined the system.
Û The X-Road environment has proved the sustainability of the program,
e Voting in Estonia is also very interesting. The importance in e voting is below-
Û High literacy rate of Estonian public toward e-voting was and is positive; gender, income, education, type of settlement and even age are no important factors by choosing e-voting from all voting channels;
Û The use of e-voting possibility depends mostly on the trust in the procedure of e-voting and e voting in itself does not produce any political effects.
Û e voting can encourage the participation of voters who vote sometimes. Thus, e-voting could slow down the trend of falling participation.
Û Authentication token for all major e-services
Û The compulsory ID card with remote identification and digital signature functions.
Û Principle of transparency
Û Managing procedures
Û Technology selection
Û Physical security
IT auditors are the assurance of public reliance participate a vital function in the victorious experience. e voting has worked perfectly, all procedures have been legitimate and performed lawfully. No court cases happened which shows the transparency acceptance of system. Confidentiality of voter is in the remote unsupervised Internet voting. The legality and legitimacy of the whole election process has not been questioned for political reasons. The principles of uniformity and generality in their conjunction are participation in voting, guaranteed to voters, is convenient as possible. e voting serve the aim of increasing the participation in voting and thus protecting the representative nature of representative bodies.
Managing and making public land related data, land relation, e health and e education and security are also very good. The time saving, money saving and transparency.
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